Consumo de bebidas azucaradas entre los Indígenas Sámi de Suecia: prevalencia y factores de riesgo socioeconómicos
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Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas (BA) representa un importante problema de salud pública, asociado a diversas enfermedades como la diabetes, la obesidad y la hipertensión. Las BA incluyen bebidas saborizadas con azúcares añadidos, cuyo consumo elevado es común en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, existe una limitada investigación sobre el consumo de BA en comunidades Indígenas, incluido el pueblo Sámi, el único grupo indígena reconocido dentro de la Unión Europea. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del consumo de BA e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados entre la población Sámi en Suecia.
Métodos: La investigación utilizó datos de la encuesta SámiHET. Un total de 3,658 personas Sámi, de entre 18 y 84 años, respondieron el cuestionario, que incluía preguntas sobre resultados de salud, comportamientos relacionados con el estilo de vida y datos socioeconómicos. El consumo de BA se evaluó mediante la frecuencia de ingesta, y se analizaron factores sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y socioculturales para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%, aplicando ponderaciones muestrales para mejorar la generalización de los resultados.
Resultados: El estudio encontró que el 29,5% de los participantes reportó consumir BA al menos dos veces por semana. Los hombres y las personas más jóvenes mostraron patrones de consumo más elevados. También se observaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con niveles educativos más bajos y con la pertenencia a comunidades de pastoreo de renos de montaña. Sin embargo, no se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas entre el consumo de BA y factores como el nivel de ingresos o el estrés económico.
Conclusiones: La investigación pone de relieve un consumo considerable de BA entre la población Sámi, similar al promedio nacional, pero inferior al observado en otros pueblos Indígenas a nivel mundial. Factores como el género, la edad, el nivel educativo y los contextos socioculturales específicos (por ejemplo, el pertenecer a una comunidad de pastoreo de renos) se asociaron significativamente con el consumo de BA. Se recomienda implementar intervenciones de salud pública culturalmente adaptadas, dirigidas especialmente a jóvenes y hombres, así como promover la alfabetización en salud en toda la población Sámi, con el fin de fomentar hábitos más saludables y prevenir futuras enfermedades crónicas.
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