Desigualdades en la depresión en la intersección entre la condición de indígena y el género en Suecia: un estudio transversal
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Introducción: La depresión es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial, con desigualdades evidentes según el género y la etnicidad. Las poblaciones indígenas, incluyendo al pueblo Sámi en Suecia, enfrentan desventajas acumuladas debido a desigualdades sociales interseccionales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar las diferencias en la prevalencia de depresión entre distintos grupos interseccionales definidos por la condición de indígena y el género en Suecia.
Métodos: Se utilizaron datos de participantes (N = 19,839) de entre 18 y 84 años, obtenidos de dos encuestas transversales realizadas en 2021: el estudio SámiHET y la encuesta “Salud en Términos Iguales” (HET). La prevalencia de depresión se evaluó mediante autoinforme del diagnóstico médico de depresión. Se crearon cuatro categorías interseccionales que representaban a mujeres Sámi, hombres Sámi, mujeres no Sámi y hombres no Sámi. Se estimaron desigualdades interseccionales (conjuntas, de referencia y excedentes) para examinar los efectos combinados de la condición de indígena y el género sobre la prevalencia de depresión.
Resultados: Las mujeres Sámi reportaron la mayor prevalencia de depresión (26%), mientras que los hombres Sámi presentaron la menor (12%). La desigualdad conjunta en la prevalencia de depresión fue de 10 puntos porcentuales (pp) (IC del 95%: 8.4 a 12, ajustado), lo que refleja una mayor prevalencia de depresión entre las mujeres Sámi en comparación con los hombres no Sámi. La mayor parte de esta desigualdad conjunta se explicó por las desigualdades de referencia relacionadas con la condición de indígena (-2.6 pp, IC del 95%: -4.7 a -0.49) y el género (9.7 pp, IC del 95%: 8.5 a 11). La desigualdad interseccional excedente, que refleja los efectos acumulativos de ser indígena y del género, representó un tercio de la desigualdad conjunta (3.3 pp, IC del 95%: 0.48 a 6.1, ajustado).
Conclusión: Las mujeres Sámi experimentaron una carga desproporcionada de depresión debido a desventajas interseccionales. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de estrategias de salud mental culturalmente sensibles y la necesidad de realizar investigaciones cualitativas adicionales que exploren sus experiencias vividas.
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