¿Cómo influye la integración de la educación sexual integral en las escuelas en las decisiones sobre sexualidad de los adolescentes de Zambia? Un protocolo de estudio de evaluación realista basado en la investigación participativa comunitaria
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Introducción: Muchos adolescentes de países de ingresos bajos y medios se enfrentan a retos relacionados con la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, que se ven exacerbados por las desigualdades de género. Un enfoque para abordar estos problemas es la integración de la Educación Sexual Integral (ESI) en las escuelas. Sin embargo, el proceso de implementación efectiva de la ESI en estos entornos no suele ser óptimo. Hay una falta significativa de investigación que explore las condiciones y métodos específicos que conducen efectivamente a un mayor conocimiento y una mejor toma de decisiones en sexualidad e igualdad de género entre los adolescentes a través de la ESI. Este protocolo de evaluación realista abordará esta carencia explorando cómo la naturaleza y el patrón a través de los cuales se proporciona la ESI han a) cambiado el conocimiento de los adolescentes con respecto a la sexualidad y las relaciones de género y b) moldeado la capacidad de los adolescentes para tomar decisiones positivas.
Métodos: Este estudio utiliza un diseño de casos múltiples, combinando la evaluación realista con métodos de investigación-acción participativa para explorar la integración de la Educación Sexual Integral (ESI) a través de múltiples niveles en la provincia Oriental, desde el nivel provincial hasta el comunitario. La recopilación de datos se realizará por fases, utilizando entrevistas, fotovoz, dibujos, revisiones y observaciones. El estudio consta de varios pasos clave 1) identificar los retos para la integración de la ESI, 2) crear una teoría inicial o plan de acción que explique cómo la ESI promueve decisiones positivas entre los adolescentes sobre la sexualidad, 3) probar esta teoría a través de estudios de casos, y 4) refinar la teoría y formular recomendaciones para mejorar la futura integración de la ESI. Además, el estudio documentará los factores informales, contextuales y horizontales (configuraciones ICAMO) que influyen en la integración de la ESI a nivel escolar y afectan a la comprensión y la toma de decisiones de los adolescentes respecto a la sexualidad y las relaciones de género.
Discusión: Este estudio contribuirá al desarrollo de estrategias para facilitar eficazmente el proceso de integración de programas similares dentro del sistema escolar. El estudio contribuirá además al desarrollo metodológico de la evaluación realista impulsada por la investigación participativa.
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