Evaluación de la pertinencia de las estrategias de difusión y del papel de los voluntarios comunitarios en la promoción de mosquiteras tratadas con insecticida en el distrito de Kalumbila, Zambia: un estudio cualitativo
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Introducción: A pesar de los esfuerzos globales por eliminar la malaria, esta sigue siendo un problema importante. Los mosquiteros tratados con insecticida (MTI) son ampliamente accesibles y rentables, pero su adopción y uso adecuado suelen verse limitados. Comprender los desafíos en la utilización de los MTI implica examinar las estrategias de difusión empleadas por los voluntarios comunitarios (VC), las cuales han sido poco estudiadas. Este estudio investigó dichas estrategias y el papel de los VC en establecimientos rurales de salud del distrito de Kalumbila, Zambia.
Métodos: Este estudio de caso exploratorio utilizó cuatro grupos focales de discusión con un total de 28 jefes de hogar, siete entrevistas en profundidad con líderes comunitarios y VC, y siete entrevistas con informantes clave de los centros de salud y responsables del programa de distribución de los MTI para recopilar datos. Las entrevistas y los grupos focales fueron transcritos y codificados manualmente antes de generar temas mediante análisis temático inductivo.
Resultados: Los VC desempeñaron un papel fundamental en la promoción, movilización social, sensibilización, registro y distribución de mosquiteras, así como en la supervisión del uso correcto de las mismas. Sin embargo, la escasa dotación de personal, la alta rotación y los incentivos insuficientes dificultaron la participación sostenida de los VC. Estrategias de comunicación adaptadas al contexto, con mensajes culturalmente pertinentes, resultaron esenciales para mejorar el uso de los mosquiteros. La credibilidad de las fuentes de información, en particular del personal de salud y de los VC, influyó en la aceptación y confianza de la comunidad. Los hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de estrategias de comunicación que sean lingüísticamente accesibles y visualmente atractivas, considerando los diversos niveles de alfabetización.
Conclusiones: La promoción eficaz de los MTI depende del papel esencial de los VC y de estrategias de comunicación adaptadas al contexto, con un enfoque en superar los desafíos de sostenibilidad para un control y eliminación de la malaria a largo plazo.
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