Problemas de salud sexual y reproductiva a los que se enfrentan los adolescentes escolarizados en comunidades de bajos recursos de Kwazulu-Natal, Sudáfrica: Perspectivas de profesores y enfermeras escolares
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Introducción: Para abordar las necesidades insatisfechas en salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) de los adolescentes, el gobierno de Sudáfrica ha implementado diversas políticas y programas, incluyendo la reciente Política Integrada de Salud Escolar (PISE). Esta política ofrece a los estudiantes acceso a servicios sanitarios integrales, incluyendo pruebas de embarazo, detección de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y VIH, así como educación sobre menstruación, sexo seguro y anticoncepción. Aunque los profesionales de la salud escolar son fundamentales para la implementación de la PISE, existe un conocimiento limitado sobre sus perspectivas respecto a los problemas de SSR enfrentados por los estudiantes. Este estudio exploró los problemas de SSR en estudiantes de secundaria, los factores contribuyentes y las soluciones potenciales desde la perspectiva de profesores y enfermeras.
Métodos: Se empleó un enfoque cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo para profundizar en los problemas de SSR de los alumnos de secundaria. Mediante entrevistas en profundidad se recopilaron datos de once profesores de Orientación para la Vida (OV) y cuatro enfermeras escolares. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas utilizando análisis temático.
Resultados: Los entrevistados identificaron como principales problemas de SSR el alto número de embarazos no planificados, los abusos sexuales y la insuficiencia de conocimientos sobre los síntomas de las ITS. La falta de recursos humanos adecuados limita la capacidad de las enfermeras escolares para ofrecer servicios de SSR eficaces. Los profesores de OV señalaron una deficiencia en la capacitación y en recursos didácticos para impartir educación eficazmente. Además, se destacó la importancia de la participación activa de los padres en la implementación de la PISE.
Conclusiones: Las percepciones de los profesionales de la salud escolar son cruciales para la aplicación de la PISE, pues señalan tanto los desafíos cotidianos de su implementación como los problemas específicos de SSR que afectan a los estudiantes. Resolver estos desafíos podría mejorar significativamente la implementación de la Política Integrada de Salud Escolar.
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