Cargas y desafíos del cuidado informal hospitalario en África: Una revisión de alcance
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Introducción: Los cuidadores informales (CI) desempeñan un papel fundamental en la asistencia sanitaria, especialmente en entornos con recursos limitados, donde contribuyen significativamente a mitigar la escasez de personal. A pesar de su invaluable aportación, la literatura sobre los desafíos que enfrentan es insuficiente. Esta revisión sistemática se propone llenar este vacío, explorando las cargas y desafíos específicos que enfrentan los cuidadores informales en contextos hospitalarios africanos, reconociendo las dificultades particulares de estos entornos.
Métodos: Esta revisión de alcance fue realizada incluyendo literatura desde el año 2000 hasta 2024, enfocándose específicamente en contextos hospitalarios africanos. Se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos como Web of Science, Medline, PsycINFO, SociIndex, CINAHL, Africa-wide, Academic Search Complete y PubMed. La selección inicial se basó en la relevancia de los resúmenes, y dos autores revisaron los textos completos de los estudios potencialmente relevantes. Los artículos fueron incluidos según los siguientes criterios: (1) describen las cargas y el estrés que experimentan los cuidadores informales; (2) se enfocan en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en África; (3) están publicados en inglés; y (4) fueron publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2000 y el 31 de agosto de 2024.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 estudios pertinentes, con la mayoría realizados en Nigeria (n=6), seguidos por Sudáfrica y Uganda (n=4 por país). Trece estudios utilizaron métodos cualitativos, diez aplicaron métodos cuantitativos y tres utilizaron enfoques mixtos. Los métodos cualitativos predominaron, basándose principalmente en entrevistas, aunque con un uso limitado de métodos etnográficos o técnicas de grupo como grupos focales. Los roles de cuidadores fueron asumidos comúnmente por miembros de la familia, incluyendo cónyuges, padres, hermanos y otros parientes. Los temas identificados incluyen la carga física del cuidado, desafíos socioeconómicos, angustia emocional, aislamiento social y tensión familiar.
Conclusiones: Esta revisión de alcance proporciona una visión valiosa sobre un aspecto poco estudiado de la asistencia sanitaria en África, destacando los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los cuidadores informales. Al abordar esta brecha de conocimiento, se establecen las bases para futuras investigaciones, el desarrollo de políticas y la implementación de intervenciones que apoyen a los cuidadores informales en los entornos hospitalarios africanos.
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