Access to COVID-19 vaccines in Indonesia: A scoping review applying the Levesque framework
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Abstract
Introduction: Access to vaccines has been the most effective means of reducing COVID-19-related severity and mortality. This scoping review explored factors related to the accessibility of COVID-19 vaccines among the Indonesian population using Levesque's framework of access to healthcare.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted across five databases using PRISMA guidelines for publications from 1 January 2019 until May 5, 2023. This yielded 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were analysed using NVivo-14.
Results: More than half of the studies were published in 2022 (n=58), with most studies using data collected in 2021 (n=55); this body of literature therefore reflects the early days of the pandemic and COVID-19 vaccine availability. The majority of identified studies employed a quantitative approach (n=74) and utilised online survey methods (n=50). A focus on user factors predominated over those focused-on health system issues. Personal factors, particularly trust, beliefs, and perceptions, were found to significantly influence vaccine acceptance. The halal status of vaccines and information from social media were crucial in shaping perceptions. Age, gender, education level, marital status, and occupation influenced access, along with COVID-19 factors such as comorbidity and prior infection. Finance-related issues, such as direct, indirect, and opportunity costs, were less studied.
Conclusion: Addressing user perceptions, leveraging social media, ensuring equitable access, and providing clear communication about vaccine halal status were crucial for improving COVID-19 vaccine access in Indonesia. Future research focusing on health system factors will provide a more comprehensive understanding of vaccine accessibility.
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